[ARCH] Chroot and configure the base system

Chroot and configure the base system

Next, we chroot into our newly installed system:

# arch-chroot /mnt

Note: Use arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash to chroot into a bash shell.

At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.

Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.

Locale

Locales are used by glibc and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.

There are two files that need editing: locale.gen and locale.conf.

The locale.gen file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the # in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their UTF-8 encoding:

# nano /etc/locale.gen

en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8

# locale-gen

This will run on every glibc upgrade, generating all the locales specified in /etc/locale.gen.

The locale.conf file does not exist by default. Setting only LANG should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.

# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

Note: If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:

# echo LANG=de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8

To use other locales for other LC_* variables, run locale to see the available options and add them to locale.conf. It is not recommended to set the LC_ALL variable

[ARCH] Generate an fstab

Generate an fstab

Generate an fstab file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see fstab#Identifying filesystems). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the -U option with -L.

# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab

Warning: The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do not run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.

A few considerations:

Only the root (/) partition needs 1 for the last field. Everything else should have either 2 or 0 (see fstab#Field definitions).

[ARCH] Install the base system

Install the base system

The base system is installed using the pacstrap script.

The -i switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the base group without prompting.

# pacstrap -i /mnt base

Note: If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with cal. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the ntp client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to Time page for more information on correcting system time.

Note: If pacman complains that error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package), run the following command:

# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux

This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using pacman.

[ARCH] Select a mirrorlist

Select a mirrorlist

Before installing, you may want to edit the mirrorlist file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by pacstrap as well, so it is worth getting it right.

# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

##
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD
##

Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch
...

Alt+6 to copy a Server line.
PageUp key to scroll up.
Ctrl+U to paste it at the top of the list.
Ctrl+X to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press Y and Enter to use the same filename.

If you want, you can make it the only mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using Ctrl+K), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.

Tip:

Use the Mirrorlist Generator to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called keepalive. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see Sorting mirrors and Reflector.
Arch Linux MirrorStatus reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.

Note:

Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with pacman -Syy. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See Mirrors for more information.
If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see FS#22510). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.
Some issues have been reported in the Arch Linux forums regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [1] and [2]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see Improve Pacman Performance for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in VirtualBox, this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.

[ARCH] Mount the partitions

Mount the partitions

Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, sda1 specifies the first partition of the first drive, while sda designates the entire drive.

To display the current partition layout:

# lsblk /dev/sda

Note: Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.

First, mount the root partition on /mnt. Following the example when using cfdisk above (yours may be different), it would be:

# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt

Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition (/boot, /var, etc), if you have any:

# mkdir /mnt/home
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home

In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:

# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi
# mount /dev/sdaX /mnt/boot/efi

[ARCH] Create storage drive

The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: fdisk, gdisk, cfdisk, cgdisk, parted.

Tip: Use the lsblk command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.

Notes regarding UEFI boot:

If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra UEFI System Partition.
It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.

Notes regarding GPT partitioning:

If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read GPT for a list of advantages.
If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra BIOS Boot Partition of size 1007 KiB and EF02 type code. Syslinux does not need one.
Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.

Note: If you are installing to a USB flash key, see Installing Arch Linux on a USB key.

The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a home partition for the remaining space. Choose either MBR or GPT. Do not choose both!

It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See Partitioning.

MBR	`cfdisk /dev/sda`	Root: Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for Primary – type in "15360" – `Enter` for Beginning – `Enter` for Bootable.
		Home: Press the down arrow to move to the free space area. Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for Primary – `Enter` to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).
GPT	`cgdisk /dev/sda`	Root: Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – `Enter` for the default hex code (8300) – `Enter` for a blank partition name.
		Home: Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area. Choose New (or press `N`) – `Enter` for the first sector – `Enter` to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – `Enter`for the default hex code (8300) – `Enter` for a blank partition name.

If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:

Name    Flags     Part Type    FS Type          [Label]       Size (MB)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
sda1    Boot       Primary     Linux                             15360
sda2               Primary     Linux                             133000*

If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:

Part. #     Size        Partition Type            Partition Name
----------------------------------------------------------------
            1007.0 KiB  free space
   1        15.0 GiB    Linux filesystem
   2        123.45 GiB  Linux filesystem

Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.

If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press Q) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).

If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press Shift+W) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press Q) to exit without making any more changes.

Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a filesystem. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:

Warning: Double check and triple check that it is actually /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 that you want to format. You can use lsblk to help with this.

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2

If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:

# mkswap /dev/sdaX
# swapon /dev/sdaX

[ARCH] Prepare the storage drive

Prepare the storage drive

The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table.

In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.

[ARCH] Dial-up without a dialer

Dial-up without a dialer

This page tells you how you can execute pppd directly without using dialer software such as pon/poff, wvdial, kppp, etc. It stays connected throughout X server shutdowns and is extremely simple, in accordance with Arch philosophy.

Back up /etc/ppp/options

# mv /etc/ppp/options /etc/ppp/options.old

Create new /etc/ppp/options using this template:

lock
modem
debug
</dev/DEVICE>
115200
defaultroute
noipdefault
user <USERNAME>
connect 'chat -t60 \"\" ATZ OK ATX3 OK ATDT<NUMBER> CONNECT'

Replace </dev/DEVICE> with your modem device. For comparison with another operating system device, take a good look at the next table,

Windows        GNU/Linux
 COM1   -->   /dev/ttyS0
 COM2   -->   /dev/ttyS1
 COM3   -->   /dev/ttyS2
 ...

Edit to point device to your modem device, to use your dial-up account username, and to dial your ISP's number after the ATDT. You can disable call waiting using ATDT 70,15555555 (in North America, anyway). You may also wish to edit the dialer commands; search for information on how to do this. If your ISP uses CHAP, then the next file is chap-secrets.

Edit /etc/ppp/chap-secrets. See The PAP/CHAP secrets file for more details.

"USERNAME" * "PASSWORD"

Now you are ready to connect. Connect (as root) using pppd /dev/modem (or whatever device your modem is connected as).

To disconnect, use killall pppd.

If you wish to connect as user, you can use sudo. Configure sudo to call the above commands for your user, and you can use the following aliases in your ~/.bashrc (or /etc/bash.bashrc for system-wide availability):

alias dial='sudo /usr/sbin/pppd /dev/modem'
alias hang='sudo /usr/bin/killall pppd'

Now you can connect by running dial from a terminal and disconnect with hang.

[ARCH] Configure wireless network

Wireless

Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.

First, identify the name of your wireless interface.

# iwconfig

enp2s0f0  no wireless extensions.
wlp3s0    IEEE 802.11bgn  ESSID:"NETGEAR97"
          Mode:Managed  Frequency:2.427 GHz  Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF
          Bit Rate=65 Mb/s   Tx-Power=16 dBm
          Retry  long limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off
          Power Management:on
          Link Quality=61/70  Signal level=-49 dBm
          Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0
          Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:430   Missed beacon:0
lo        no wireless extensions.

In this example, wlp3s0 is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e".

Note: If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see Wireless Setup for more detailed information.

Bring the interface up with:

# ip link set wlp3s0 up

A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If the wireless chipset requires firmware, you are likely to receive this error when bringing the interface up:

# ip link set wlp3s0 up

SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory

If unsure, invoke dmesg to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset.

Example output from an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:

# dmesg | grep firmware

firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode

If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.

Warning: Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under /usr/lib/firmware in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it! Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See Wireless Setup if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.

Next, use netctl's wifi-menu to connect to a network:

# wifi-menu wlp3s0

You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Wireless Setup page or, use this command to establish a connection:

# wpa_supplicant -B -i iface -c <(wpa_passphrase ESSID "Your Passphrase")

You need to replace iface with the interface name (e.g., above it was wlp3s0), and ESSID with the name of your network (e.g., "Linksys etc..."), and "Your Passphrase" with your password in quotes (e.g., if the password to the network was dog, you'd put "dog").

[ARCH] Configure wired network

Wired

Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.

First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:

# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service

Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.

# ip link

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000
    link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

In this example, the Ethernet interface is enp2s0f0. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use iwconfig and see which interfaces are not wireless:

# iwconfig

enp2s0f0  no wireless extensions.
wlp3s0    IEEE 802.11bgn  ESSID:"NETGEAR97"
          Mode:Managed  Frequency:2.427 GHz  Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF
          Bit Rate=65 Mb/s   Tx-Power=16 dBm
          Retry  long limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off
          Power Management:on
          Link Quality=61/70  Signal level=-49 dBm
          Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0
          Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:430   Missed beacon:0
lo        no wireless extensions.

In this example, neither enp2s0f0 nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning enp2s0f0 is our Ethernet interface.

You also need to know these settings:

Static IP address.
Subnet mask.
Gateway's IP address.
Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.
Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).

Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. enp2s0f0):

# ip link set enp2s0f0 up

Add the address:

# ip addr add ip_address/subnetmask dev interface_name

For example:

# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0

For more options, run man ip.

Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:

# ip route add default via ip_address

For example:

# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

Edit resolv.conf, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:

# nano /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 61.23.173.5
nameserver 61.95.849.8
search example.com

Note: Currently, you may include a maximum of three nameserver lines.

You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Network Configuration page.

Gentoo Network Configuration

Network Configuration

In order to download stage3 tarball and portage snapshot from Gentoo website, you have to connect to the internet. Connect to internet the way you like. The most common ways to connect to internet are using an ethernet cable or using wireless network. If you want to connect to internet using ethernet cable just plugin the cable wire and try to ping any outside server like http://www.google.com for example. If the result is unknown host (that is if you’re not connected) then you’re most probably haven’t taken an IP address yet. Use the command:

dhcpcd eth0

to get an IP address (Make sure to change the ‘eth0‘ part with your ethernet interface. use the command ‘ifconfig -a‘ to see all of your interfaces) and try to ping google again and this time it should work (If it doesn’t, then most probably your network is down).

If you want to connect to internet using a wireless network then you can configure your wireless interface (most probably will be wlan0. check with ‘ifconfig -a‘ command) using the tool ‘iwconfig‘. Or better, you can use the famous ‘wpa_supplicant‘ program to handle your wireless network and get you connected right away (note: if your wireless network is encrypted with WPA encryption algorithm then you have to use ‘wpa_supplicant‘ program). I prefer using ‘wpa_supplicant‘ program by the way. To use ‘wpa_supplicant‘ program you have to write some configuration files first. open up ‘/etc/conf.d/net‘ with your favorite editor (I prefer Vim. But, you better use another editor like ‘nano‘ because Vim is complex to use):

nano /etc/conf.d/net

and write these lines:

# Prefer wpa_supplicant over wireless-tools
modules=( “wpa_supplicant” )
# It’s important that we tell wpa_supplicant which driver we should
# be using as it’s not very good at guessing yet
wpa_supplicant_wlan0=”-Dwext”

(notice the wlan0 part ! you should change it with your wireless interface, I don’t have to tell you now). Alright, save the file and exit (pressing CTRL+x will close the file and nano will ask you if you want to save or not and will ask about the filename. Just save the file with the same filename).

After configuring ‘/etc/conf.d/net‘ you have to write the ‘wpa_supplicant‘ configuration file (most probably will be ‘/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf‘). Open the ‘wpa_supplicant‘ configuration file with ‘nano‘:

nano /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

and write this configuration if your wireless network is WEP encrypted:

# The below line not be changed otherwise we refuse to work
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant

# Ensure that only root can read the WPA configuration
ctrl_interface_group=0
# Let wpa_supplicant take care of scanning and AP selection
ap_scan=1
# Simple case: WPA-PSK, PSK as an ASCII passphrase, allow all valid ciphers
network={
ssid=”name_of_your_ssid”
key_mgmt=NONE
wep_key0=”your_network_key”
# The higher the priority the sooner we are matched
priority=5
}

or write this configuration if your wireless network is WPA/WPA2 encrypted:

# The below line not be changed otherwise we refuse to work
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
# Ensure that only root can read the WPA configuration
ctrl_interface_group=0
# Let wpa_supplicant take care of scanning and AP selection
ap_scan=1
# Simple case: WPA-PSK, PSK as an ASCII passphrase, allow all valid ciphers
network={
ssid=”name_of_your_ssid”
psk=”your_network_key”
# The higher the priority the sooner we are matched
priority=5
}

now save the file and exit nano. At this stage, you’re ready to connect:

wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -Dwext -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf &

(notice the latest ampersand character ‘&‘, this way ‘wpa_supplicant‘ will be running in the background but you will see its output when it comes).

if you want to understand the command line of ‘wpa_supplicant‘, then read its man page ‘man wpa_supplicant‘ (come on, don’t be lazy). Now, you’re connected and ready to go.

(NOTE: if you’re still not internet connected while you’re connected to your wireless network, then probably you didn’t took an IP address. Use the command ‘dhcpcd wlan0‘ to take one).

How to install gentoo

How to Install Gentoo

There are many ways to install Gentoo in hard disk but the most common way is by using the stage3 tarball and portage snapshot method. In order to use this method you have to prepare Gentoo environment and chroot into it. To prepare Gentoo environment you have to have an internet-connected Linux distro capable of chroot’ing or using the Gentoo minimal installation CD. Once, you’ve prepared Gentoo environment you can download stage3 tarball and portage snapshot and continue installing Gentoo.

NOTE: if you decided to use your current internet-connected Linux distro to prepare and install Gentoo environment then jump to

What Is gentoo

Gentoo is a free operating system based on either Linux or FreeBSD. That can be automatically optimized and customized for just about any application or need. Extreme configurability, performance and a top-notch user and developer community are all hallmarks of the Gentoo experience.

Thanks to a technology called Portage, Gentoo can become an ideal secure server, development workstation, professional desktop, gaming system, embedded solution or something else — whatever you need it to be. Because of its near-unlimited adaptability, we call Gentoo a metadistribution.

Of course, Gentoo is more than just the software it provides. It is a community built around a distribution which is driven by more than 300 developers and thousands of users. The distribution project provides the means for the users to enjoy Gentoo: documentation, infrastructure (mailinglists, site, forums …), release engineering, software porting, quality assurance, security followup, hardening and more.

To advise on and help with Gentoo’s global development, a 7-member council is elected on a yearly basis which decides on global issues, policies and advancements in the Gentoo project.

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[ARCH] Chroot and configure the base system

Chroot and configure the base system

Locale

[ARCH] Generate an fstab

[ARCH] Install the base system

[ARCH] Select a mirrorlist

[ARCH] Mount the partitions

[ARCH] Create storage drive

[ARCH] Prepare the storage drive

[ARCH] Dial-up without a dialer

Dial-up without a dialer

[ARCH] Configure wireless network

Wireless

[ARCH] Configure wired network

Wired

Gentoo Network Configuration

How to install gentoo

What Is gentoo

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